1. 重力公式:\( G = mg \)(其中\( g \)取\( 9.8N/kg \)或\( 10N/kg \))
2. 密度公式:\( \rho = \frac{m}{V} \)
3. 合力公式:\( F_{\text{合}} = F_1 + F_2 \)(同方向),\( F_{\text{合}} = F_1 - F_2 \)(反方向,\( F_1 > F_2 \))
4. 浮力公式:\( F_{\text{浮}} = G_{\text{物}} - G_{\text{视}} \)(视重力),\( F_{\text{浮}} = G_{\text{物}} \)(物体漂浮或悬浮),\( F_{\text{浮}} = G_{\text{排}} = m_{\text{排}}g = \rho_{\text{液}}gV_{\text{排}} \)(阿基米德原理)
5. 杠杆平衡条件:\( F_1L_1 = F_2L_2 \)
6. 定滑轮:\( F = G_{\text{物}} \), \( S = h \)
7. 动滑轮:\( F = \frac{G_{\text{物}} + G_{\text{轮}}}{n} \), \( S = 2h \)
8. 滑轮组:\( F = \frac{G_{\text{物}} + G_{\text{轮}}}{n} \), \( S = nh \)
9. 机械功公式:\( W = Fs \)
10. 功率公式:\( P = \frac{W}{t} \) 或 \( P = UI \)(对于纯电阻电路)
11. 机械效率公式:\( \eta = \frac{W_{\text{有}}}{W_{\text{总}}} \times 100\% \)
12. 压强公式:\( P = \frac{F}{S} \)
13. 液体压强公式:\( P = \rho gh \)
14. 吸热公式:\( Q_{\text{吸}} = Cm\Delta t \)
15. 放热公式:\( Q_{\text{放}} = Cm(t_0 - t) \)
16. 热值公式:\( q = \frac{Q}{m} \)
17. 燃料燃烧放热公式:\( Q = mq \)
18. 电流强度公式:\( I = \frac{Q_{\text{电量}}}{t} \)
19. 电阻公式:\( R = \rho \frac{L}{S} \)
20. 欧姆定律:\( I = \frac{U}{R} \)
21. 焦耳定律:\( Q = I^2Rt \) 或 \( Q = UIt = Pt = UQ \)(纯电阻电路)
22. 串联电路:\( I = I_1 = I_2 \), \( U = U_1 + U_2 \), \( R = R_1 + R_2 \)
23. 并联电路:\( I = I_1 + I_2 \), \( U = U_1 = U_2 \), \( \frac{1}{R} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} \) 或 \( \frac{I_1}{I_2} = \frac{U_1}{U_2} \)
24. 定值电阻:\( \frac{I_1}{I_2} = \frac{U_1}{U_2} \), \( P_1/P_2 = I_1^2/I_2^2 \), \( P_1/P_2 = U_1^2/U_2^2 \)
25. 电功公式:\( W = UIt = Pt = UQ \)
26. 电功率公式:\( P = \frac{W}{t} = UI \) 或 \( P = I^2R = \frac{U^2}{R} \)
以上是初中物理中常用的公式和知识点,希望对您有所帮助。